A method for digestion of crude oil distillation residues (atmospheric residue, AR and vacuum residue, VR) using microwave-induced combustion (MIC) was developed for simultaneous determination of metals (Ba, Co, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni and V) and sulfur by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Samples were wrapped in polyethylene films and combusted using 20 bar of oxygen. Nitric acid solutions were evaluated using 5 min of reflux after combustion. Accuracy was evaluated using certified reference material and comparison with the results obtained by microwave-assisted wet digestion (MAWD). No statistical difference was observed between the certified values and those obtained using MIC as well as between the values obtained using MAWD or MIC. In spite of both methods have been apparently suitable for crude oil digestion, MIC was preferable in view of the possibility of using 3 mol L-1 HNO3 as absorbing solution. Furthermore, it is important to notice that using MIC, C content in digests was lower than 10 mg L-1, preventing interferences in ICP-OES. In addition, the simultaneous digestion of eight samples was possible in less than 30 min and without using concentrated acids and/or longer heating times, making the proposed method well-suited for routine analysis.

Introdução: Instrumentos para avaliar qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde têm sido amplamente utilizados no contexto médico, visando mensurar o impacto da doença de uma perspectiva subjetiva e relevante ao paciente. O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar variáveis associadas à qualidade de vida em uma amostra de pacientes acompanhados em um ambulatório terciário para transtornos de ansiedade e depressão. Métodos: Estudo transversal. As variáveis independentes incluíram dados de um questionário sociodemográfico e pontuação na Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão (HADS). Variáveis dependentes: pontuação total na escala breve de qualidade de vida da Organização Mundial de Saúde (WHOQOL-Bref) e cada um de seus subdomínios (geral, físico, psicológico, social e ambiental). Regressão linear múltipla foi aplicada para identificar as variáveis preditoras associadas de forma independente a cada uma das variáveis dependentes. Resultados: Setenta e cinco pacientes adultos foram avaliados. Após análise de regressão linear múltipla, pontuação na HADS esteve associada com todos os desfechos analisados, exceto para o subdomínio social (p = 0,08). Sexo feminino esteve negativamente associado com a pontuação total da WHOQOL-Bref e com os subdomínios psicológico e ambiental. Desemprego esteve associado com o subdomínio físico. Conclusão: A identificação de fatores associados à qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde e o reconhecimento de que a depressão e a ansiedade são variáveis fundamentais são essenciais para uma melhor assistência aos pacientes.

Introduction: Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) assessment tools have been broadly used in the medical context. These tools are used to measure the subjective impact of the disease on patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the variables associated with HRQOL in a Brazilian sample of patients followed up in a tertiary outpatient clinic for depression and anxiety disorders. Method: Cross-sectional study. Independent variables were those included in a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) scores. Dependent variables were those included in the short version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) and the scores for its subdomains (overall quality of life and general health, physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environment). A multiple linear regression analysis was used to find the variables independently associated with each outcome. Results: Seventy-five adult patients were evaluated. After multiple linear regression analysis, the HADS scores were associated with all outcomes, except social relationships (p = 0.08). Female gender was associated with poor total scores, as well as psychological health and environment. Unemployment was associated with poor physical health. Conclusion: Identifying the factors associated with HRQOL and recognizing that depression and anxiety are major factors are essential to improve the care of patients.

Objective: To evaluate predictors of non-return to work (nRTW) among social, demographic, clinical, and psychiatric variables after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in a cohort of Brazilian patients. Methods: Prospective study. Forty-three community-dwelling individuals treated at a Level I trauma center at the time of TBI were evaluated 18 months after trauma. Measures included DSM-IV-TR criteria for personality changes after TBI and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) to assess psychiatric diagnosis. Hospitalization variables included Glasgow Coma Scale scores, pupil examination findings, associated limb trauma, Marshall computed tomography classification, and blood glucose levels. Results: After multiple logistic regression analysis, only the diagnosis of personality changes was found to be independently associated with nRTW, with an adjusted odds ratio of 10.92 (p = 0.02, 95% confidence interval 1.41-84.28). Conclusions: In this study, personality changes were an independent predictor of nRTW after severe TBI. Ways to predict risk factors associated with personality changes after severe brain injury could aid in identification of early and effective interventions that might ease the burden associated with this condition.

Objective: To evaluate the validity and utility of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) as screening tools for depression after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods: Forty-six consecutive survivors of severe TBI were evaluated at a median of 15 months after injury. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed using HAM-D, BDI, and HADS as predictors, and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) as gold standard. Results: The area under the curve (AUC) for HAM-D was 0.89, and the optimal cutoff point was 7 (sensitivity 92.9%, specificity 78.1%); for the BDI, the AUC was 0.946 and the optimal cutoff point was 14 (sensitivity 92.3%, specificity 96.7%); for the HADS, the AUC was 0.947 and the optimal cutoff point was 9 (sensitivity 100%, specificity 80.7%); and for the HADS depression subscale, the AUC was 0.937 and the optimal cutoff point was 6 (sensitivity 92.9%, specificity 83.9%). There were no statistically significant differences among the AUCs. Conclusion: Our findings support a high validity and utility for the HAM-D, BDI, and HADS as screening tools for depression in patients with severe TBI, without major changes in standard cutoff points.

Radiação micro-ondas em sistema fechado foi utilizada para a remoção de sedimentos de emulsão de petróleo para a posterior caracterização em laboratório. O programa de aquecimento do forno de micro-ondas foi otimizado através da avaliação do tempo de aquecimento (5 a 30 s) e da potência de micro-ondas (300 a 1400 W). O teor de sedimentos foi determinado usando um procedimento de filtração com membrana conforme recomendado pela norma ASTM D 4807-05, antes e após a remoção de sedimentos. Os teores de água e cloreto foram determinados no óleo obtido após a remoção de sedimentos. Até oito amostras de 20 g puderam ser processadas simultaneamente. A eficiência de remoção de sedimentos foi superior a 95%. Foi possível a obtenção de petróleo virtualmente isento de água, sal e sedimentos, permitindo a determinação de parâmetros como gravidade API, densidade, viscosidade e número de acidez total sem interferências causadas por sedimentos ou mesmo sal e água.

Microwave radiation in closed vessels was applied for removal of sediments from crude oil allowing the subsequent crude oil characterization in laboratory. Heating time and microwave power were evaluated in the range of 5 to 30 s and 300 to 1400 W, respectively. Sediment content was determined using the method recommended by ASTM D 4807-05 based on a filtration step in a membrane before and after sediment removal. Water and chloride contents were determined in the oil phase obtained after sediment removal. Up to eight samples of 20 g of crude oil could be simultaneously processed. Sediment removal efficiency was better than 95%. It was possible to obtain crude oil in a suitable condition for determination of routine parameters as API gravity, density, viscosity and total acid number without interferences caused by sediments or even water and salt.

Resumo Sintomas Comportamentais e Psicológicos de Demência (SCPD) são relevantes, pois são freqüentes e causam estresse aos cuidadores. Contudo, podem não ser relatados pelos médicos devido à prioridade usualmente atribuída aos sintomas cognitivos. Objetivos: Verificar que SCPD podem não ser sistematicamente investigados pelos médicos mesmo em ambientes especializados e que seus registros nos prontuários podem ser imprecisos. Métodos: Avaliação dos registros nos prontuários médicos dos SCPD de relatos de cuidadores de 182 pacientes (57,1% homens, idade média 67,6±13,5 anos) assistidos em um ambulatório de neurologia comportamental (ANCP), que também tiveram consultas em outras clínicas neurológicas, psiquiátricas, não-neurológicas e não-psiquiátricas do mesmo hospital. Doença de Alzheimer (37,9%) e doença vascular (19,2%) foram as causas mais freqüentes de demência. Resultados: As razões relato/consulta foram 0,58 no ANCP, 0,43 em outros ambulatórios neurológicos, 0,93 em ambulatórios psiquiátricos e 0,20 em outros ambulatórios não-neurológicos e não-psiquiátricos. SCPD mais freqüentemente anotados no ANCP foram insônia, agressividade, agitação/hiperatividade, alucinações visuais, apatia, comportamento inadequado e choro fácil. Classificados por psiquiatras, as categorias reunindo mais SCPD foram afeto/humor, pensamento e personalidade/comportamento. sintomas de afeto/humor e sensopercepção foram os mais freqüentemente relatados. Classificados de acordo com o Inventário Neuropsiquiátrico (INP), as categorias reunindo mais SCPD foram depressão/disforia, delírio e apatia/indiferença. sintomas de depressão/disforia e agitação/agressão foram os mais freqüentemente relatados. Conclusões: SCPD relatados pelos cuidadores eram muito diversos e não eram sistematicamente investigados pelos médicos. Anotações nos prontuários eram freqüentemente feitas com termos não técnicos.

Abstract Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) are relevant since they are frequent and cause distress to caregivers. However, they may not be reported by physicians due to the priority usually attributed to cognitive symptoms. Objectives: To verify whether BPSD is being systematically investigated by physicians even in specialized settings and whether their records on medical files are accurate. Methods: Assessment of records on medical files of BPSD reported by caregivers to 182 patients (57.1% men, mean age 67.6±13.5 years) assisted in a tertiary-care behavioral neurology outpatient clinic (BNOC) who also had appointments in other clinics of the same hospital. Alzheimer's disease (37.9%) and vascular disease (19.2%) were the most frequent causes of dementia. Results: Report/appointment ratios were 0.58 in BNOC, 0.43 in other neurological, 0.93 in psychiatric and 0.20 in non-neurological, non-psychiatric clinics. BPSD most frequently recorded in BNOC were insomnia, aggressiveness, agitation/hyperactivity, visual hallucinations, apathy, inadequate behavior and ease of crying. Sorted by psychiatrists, categories associated to more BPSD were affect/mood, thought and personality/behavior. affect/mood and sensoperception symptoms were the most frequently reported. Sorted according to Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), categories associated to more BPSD were depression/dysphoria, delusion and apathy/indifference. depression/dysphoria and agitation/ aggression symptoms were the most frequently reported. Conclusions: BPSD reported by caregivers were very diverse and were not systematically investigated by physicians. Notes in medical files often contained non-technical terms.

A epilepsia é uma das causas mais comuns de incapacidade funcional. Comorbidades psiquiátricas, como as psicoses, estão freqüentemente associadas à epilepsia. Psicoses na epilepsia (PNE) requerem tratamento farmacológico mais cuidadoso, levando-se em conta a propensão dos antipsicóticos (AP) em provocar crises convulsivas e o risco de interação farmacocinética com as drogas antiepilépticas (DAE). Após uma breve descrição da classificação e das principais características clínicas das PNE, foram discutidos alguns aspectos gerais do tratamento farmacológico das PNE e o uso de AP típicos e atípicos, destacando seu potencial para diminuir o limiar epileptogênico (LE), bem como possíveis interações AP/DAE. Os AP atípicos, à exceção da clozapina, demonstraram exercer menor influência sobre o LE. Quanto às interações farmacocinéticas, as principais DAE estiveram relacionadas com um aumento importante do metabolismo dos AP. Portanto, apesar do risco para convulsões por AP ser dose-dependente, doses mais elevadas de AP podem ser necessárias no tratamento das PNE.

Epilepsy is one of the main causes of functional disability, and it is usually associated to psychiatric comorbidity, such as psychosis of epilepsy (POE). POE requires more careful pharmacological treatment, considering the propensity of the antipsychotics (AP) to provoke seizures and the risk of pharmacokinetic interaction with anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). We discussed the classification and the main types of POE, as well as some characteristics of AP typical and atypical, its potential to decrease the epileptogenic threshold (ET) and possible interactions between AP and AED. Atypical AP, except clozapine, disclosed smaller influence on ET than typical AP. Regarding pharmacokinetic interactions, AEDs are related with a significant increase of the AP metabolism. Therefore, in spite of the risk for AP induced convulsions be dose-dependent, higher doses of AP can be necessary in the treatment of POE.